Educational and Psychological Consequences of the Internal Migration: Left-behind Children in Nepal

Abstract

One of the major socioeconomic trends observed globally is internal migration. In Nepal, this trend is particularly significant, with many families' experiencing separation as parents migrate for work while their children remain behind. Although internal migration can improve household income and living conditions, the psychological and educational consequences for left-behind children remain underexplored. This research paper proposes a review of the impact of parental internal migration on children aged 10 to 16, examining both its positive and negative effects and suggesting educational policy responses. Using a comparative research design focused on two residential districts (Salyan and Dang), the study surveyed 354 households. The research employed structured questionnaires to assess demographic profiles, family circumstances, child welfare, and educational outcomes. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, independent sample t-tests, and logistic regression, were used to evaluate the data. Findings suggest that while remittances from migrant parents may improve household conditions, the absence of parents often creates emotional and psychological gaps that affect children’s educational attendance. Regression results indicate that parental absence significantly affects children’s psychosocial well-being, although academic performance was not uniformly negatively impacted. Key factors influencing outcomes included quality of primary care, family functioning, and the presence of social safety nets. The study highlights the importance of community engagement and local support systems in mitigating the adverse effects of parental migration. It recommends policy measures that support the emotional development and education of left-behind children, as well as broader rural development initiatives aimed at addressing the root causes of migration.